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Type of floor material

The predominant materials used for flooring in Kenyan households are earth (56.0 percent) and cement (41.2 percent). There are marked variations in the use of various flooring materials between urban and rural areas, with cemented flooring in 71.8 percent of urban dwelling units compared with 22.1 percent in rural areas (Figure 6.1).

 

 

Figure 6.1: Percentage use of flooring material by households

Percentage use of flooring material by households

In both male and female headed urban households, cement is used by 72.9 percent and 69.0 percent respectively. Rural dwelling units are three times less likely to have cemented floors compared with urban dwellings irrespective of household headship. On the other hand, overall, female headed households report less use of cement for floors, with only a marginal advantage of 0.1 percentage points in the rural areas. Tiles and wood use is minimal.

 

Table 6.1: Percentage materials used for floor

 Name 

    Cement 

    Tiles 

    Wood 

    Earth 

    Other 

  HHs 

 Kenya

                    41.2

            1.6

                     0.7

          56.0

            0.5

      8,493,380

 Rural

                    22.1

            0.3

                     0.7

          76.5

            0.4

      5,239,879

 Urban

                    71.8

            3.5

                     0.9

          23.0

            0.8

      3,253,501

Male headed

Cement

Tiles

Wood

Earth

Other

Households

Kenya

                    42.8

            1.6

                     0.8

          54.2

            0.6

      5,762,320

Rural

                    22.1

            0.3

                     0.7

          76.4

            0.4

      3,413,616

Urban

                    72.9

            3.5

                     0.9

          21.9

            0.8

      2,348,704

Female headed

Cement

Tiles

Wood

Earth

Other

Households

Kenya

                    37.7

            1.4

                     0.7

          59.8

            0.5

      2,731,060

Rural

                    22.2

            0.3

                     0.6

          76.6

            0.3

      1,826,263

Urban

                    69.0

            3.6

                     0.9

          25.8

            0.8

          904,797

 

The incidence of cemented flooring in households by county (Table 6.2) is highest in Nairobi County at 82.3 percent compared with Turkana County at 6.5 percent. Other counties with a high use of cement as floor material include Mombasa (80.7 percent) and Kiambu (74.6 percent). In Wajir and Mandera Counties, less than 10 percent of households have cemented floors. The differences in use of modern flooring material are indicative of differences in access to resources coupled with lifestyle differences.

 

Table 6.2: Percentage main floor material used in households by county

Cement

Tiles

Wood

Earth

Other

Top 10 Counties

Nairobi

          82.3

Nairobi

             6.7

Meru

             2.1

Wajir

          92.1

Mombasa

             4.5

Mombasa

          77.1

Mombasa

             4.6

Nairobi

             1.9

Mandera

          91.7

Taita-Taveta

             1.6

Kiambu

          74.7

Kajiado

             3.6

Baringo

             1.7

Turkana

          91.4

Nyandarua

             1.2

Machakos

          58.3

Kiambu

             2.2

Nyeri

             1.6

Tana River

          88.4

Kilifi

             1.2

Kajiado

          57.2

Uasin-Gishu

             1.7

Nyandarua

             1.5

West Pokot

          85.9

Lamu

             0.9

Nakuru

          50.8

Machakos

             1.6

Laikipia

             1.0

Narok

          84.1

Nandi

             0.9

Uasin-Gishu

          46.2

Kisumu

             1.6

Turkana

             1.0

Samburu

          83.0

Marsabit

             0.9

Makueni

          45.5

Nakuru

             1.2

Elgey-Marakwet

             0.9

Marsabit

          82.0

Garissa

             0.8

Taita-Taveta

          42.8

Kilifi

             1.1

Tharaka Nithi

             0.9

Kakamega

          80.4

Trans-Nzoia

             0.6

Kisumu

          42.2

Laikipia

             0.6

Nakuru

             0.8

Vihiga

          79.4

Uasin-Gishu

             0.6

Median County

Siaya

          28.8

Siaya

             0.4

Vihiga

             0.4

Isiolo

          69.9

Baringo

             0.4

Bottom 10 Counties

Vihiga

          19.6

Marsabit

             0.3

Bungoma

             0.3

Kisumu

          55.3

Laikipia

             0.3

Kakamega

          18.4

Narok

             0.2

Tana River

             0.3

Taita-Taveta

          54.6

Bungoma

             0.2

Marsabit

          16.6

Bomet

             0.2

Taita-Taveta

             0.3

Makueni

          53.5

Isiolo

             0.2

Samburu

          16.0

Elgeyo-Marakwet

             0.2

Marsabit

             0.3

Uasin-Gishu

          50.8

Migori

             0.2

Narok

          14.5

Turkana

             0.2

Kilifi

             0.3

Nakuru

          46.8

Busia

             0.2

West Pokot

          13.1

Samburu

             0.2

Wajir

             0.2

Machakos

          39.8

Tharaka Nithi

             0.2

Tana River

          10.7

West Pokot

             0.2

Mombasa

             0.2

Kajiado

          38.5

Kitui

             0.2

Mandera

             7.4

Tana River

             0.2

Makueni

             0.2

Kiambu

          22.5

Makueni

             0.2

Wajir

             7.2

Mandera

             0.1

Machakos

             0.2

Mombasa

          13.6

Kiambu

             0.1

Turkana

             6.9

Wajir

             0.1

Kwale

             0.2

Nairobi

             8.8

Machakos

             0.1

 

The incidence of cemented floors is higher in male headed households than in female headed households. The top three counties with the highest incidence of cemented floors in male and female headed households are Nairobi (82.6 percent for male headed and 81.2 percent for female headed households), Mombasa (77.2 percent for male headed and 76.8 percent for female headed households) and Kiambu (75.5 per percent for male headed and 72.8 percent for female headed households), (see Table 6.3). This reflects an average difference of two percent in the leading three counties between male and female headed households. The incidence of cemented floors is lowest in Turkana, Mandera and Wajir. Overall, the lowest incidence of cemented floors is in female headed households in Turkana County at 5.6 percent, while in male headed households, it is in Wajir County at 6.4 percent. The incidence of cement flooring in Nairobi for female headed households is 14 times that in Turkana, while for that for male headed households is 12 times that in Wajir County.

 

 

Table 6.3: Materials used for floor by county and household head

Diff = Difference

Cement

Tiles

Wood

Earth

 

Other

 

County

Male

Female

Diff

County

Male

Female

Diff

County

Male

Female

Diff

County

Male

Female

Diff

County

Male

Female

Diff

Top 10 Constituencies

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kajiado

           62.1

           46.4

          15.7

Kajiado

             3.9

             2.9

            1.0

Meru

             2.2

             1.7

            0.5

Garissa

           76.0

           64.5

          11.5

Taita-Taveta

             2.0

             1.0

            1.0

Kisumu

           46.8

           34.2

          12.5

Machakos

             1.9

             1.2

            0.7

Baringo

             1.8

             1.5

            0.3

Kirinyaga

           61.5

           55.7

            5.8

Lamu

             1.0

             0.7

            0.3

Kwale

           31.2

           23.6

            7.6

Kiambu

             2.4

             2.0

            0.4

Elgey-Marakwet

             1.0

             0.8

            0.2

Mandera

           92.7

           87.7

            5.0

Samburu

             0.6

             0.3

            0.3

Samburu

           19.4

           12.2

            7.2

Kisumu

             1.7

             1.4

            0.4

Nyeri

             1.7

             1.5

            0.2

Wajir

           92.9

           88.4

            4.6

Bomet

             0.6

             0.4

            0.2

Kilifi

           34.7

           27.7

            7.0

Marsabit

             0.4

             0.1

            0.2

Tharaka Nithi

             1.0

             0.8

            0.2

Lamu

           62.4

           59.7

            2.7

Nandi

             1.0

             0.8

            0.2

Homa Bay

           26.6

           21.5

            5.1

Laikipia

             0.7

             0.5

            0.2

Kericho

             0.8

             0.6

            0.2

Elgey-Marakwet

           77.6

           75.5

            2.0

Isiolo

             0.3

             0.1

            0.2

Migori

           28.5

           24.0

            4.5

Nakuru

             1.2

             1.1

            0.2

Tana River

             0.3

             0.2

            0.1

Bungoma

           79.7

           78.2

            1.5

Siaya

             0.4

             0.3

            0.1

Kisii

           22.9

           18.4

            4.5

Murang’a

             0.6

             0.4

            0.2

Nyandarua

             1.6

             1.5

            0.1

Nairobi

             9.0

             8.2

            0.8

Murang’a

             0.3

             0.2

            0.1

Isiolo

           30.6

           26.3

            4.3

Taita-Taveta

             0.7

             0.5

            0.2

Nakuru

             0.9

             0.8

            0.1

Mombasa

           13.7

           13.0

            0.8

Kisii

             0.4

             0.3

            0.1

Machakos

           59.9

           55.7

            4.2

Samburu

             0.3

             0.1

            0.2

Kajiado

             0.3

             0.3

            0.1

Uasin-Gishu

           51.0

           50.3

            0.7

Nyeri

             0.3

             0.3

            0.1

Median Constituency

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Taita-Taveta

           43.0

           42.3

            0.7

Kilifi

             1.1

             1.1

            0.1

Busia

             0.4

             0.3

            0.0

Murang’a

           59.5

           60.4

          (0.9)

Homa Bay

             0.3

             0.3

            0.0

Bottom 10 Constituencies

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nyeri

           40.9

           41.6

          (0.7)

Bungoma

             0.4

             0.4

            0.0

Kakamega

             0.4

             0.5

          (0.0)

Isiolo

           68.1

           72.7

          (4.6)

Kilifi

             1.2

             1.2

          (0.1)

Tana River

           10.5

           11.2

          (0.7)

Tharaka Nithi

             0.3

             0.3

          (0.0)

Embu

             0.5

             0.5

          (0.0)

Kisii

           75.7

           80.4

          (4.7)

Wajir

             0.3

             0.4

          (0.1)

Uasin-Gishu

           45.9

           46.7

          (0.8)

Tana River

             0.1

             0.2

          (0.0)

Taita-Taveta

             0.3

             0.3

          (0.0)

Migori

           70.3

           75.0

          (4.7)

Trans-Nzoia

             0.6

             0.6

          (0.1)

Bungoma

           19.4

           20.9

          (1.5)

West Pokot

             0.1

             0.2

          (0.0)

Kisumu

             0.4

             0.4

          (0.0)

Machakos

           37.9

           42.9

          (5.0)

Kirinyaga

             0.3

             0.3

          (0.1)

Elgey-Marakwet

           20.7

           23.0

          (2.3)

Garissa

             0.5

             0.5

          (0.0)

Kirinyaga

             0.5

             0.5

          (0.0)

Homa Bay

           72.5

           77.6

          (5.1)

Mandera

             0.3

             0.4

          (0.1)

Lamu

           36.1

           38.9

          (2.8)

Kirinyaga

             0.4

             0.5

          (0.0)

Samburu

             0.3

             0.4

          (0.1)

Kilifi

           62.7

           69.7

          (7.0)

Tana River

             0.4

             0.5

          (0.1)

Wajir

             6.4

           11.0

          (4.6)

Trans-Nzoia

             0.5

             0.6

          (0.0)

Garissa

             0.4

             0.5

          (0.1)

Samburu

           79.4

           87.0

          (7.6)

Turkana

             0.5

             0.6

          (0.2)

Mandera

             6.5

           11.2

          (4.7)

Mandera

             0.1

             0.2

          (0.1)

Mandera

             0.5

             0.6

          (0.1)

Kwale

           67.6

           75.3

          (7.7)

Embu

             0.4

             0.6

          (0.2)

Kirinyaga

           37.4

           43.0

          (5.7)

Mombasa

             4.4

             5.2

          (0.8)

Nairobi

             1.9

             2.1

          (0.2)

Kisumu

           50.6

           63.4

        (12.8)

Garissa

             0.7

             1.1

          (0.4)

Garissa

           22.4

           33.4

        (11.0)

Nairobi

             6.2

             8.2

          (2.0)

Lamu

             0.3

             0.5

          (0.2)

Kajiado

           33.2

           50.1

        (16.9)

Mombasa

             4.4

             4.8

          (0.4)

 


Embakasi North constituency has the highest incidence of cemented flooring at 95.3 percent while the least incidence is in Lafey (0.3 percent) and Tarbaj (0.2 percent). This reflects huge disparities in housing conditions (Table 6.4). Other constituencies with a high incidence of cemented flooring are Embakasi South (94.8 percent) and Dagoreti South (94.3 percent). In 91 constituencies, the incidence of cemented flooring is more that the national average of 41 percent.

 

Table 6.4: Main material used on floors in households by constituency

Cement

Tiles

Wood

Earth

Other

Top 10 Constituencies

Embakasi North

          95.3

Langata

          24.9

Dagoreti North

          12.2

Tarbaj

          99.1

Tarbaj

          11.3

Embakasi South

          94.8

Embakasi East

          17.3

Westlands

             7.3

Lafey

          99.0

Lafey

             6.8

Dagoreti South

          94.3

Mvita

          13.8

Igembe Central

             5.6

Eldas

          97.9

Eldas

             5.7

Embakasi Central

          92.5

Westlands

          11.5

Eldama Ravine

             4.8

North Horr

          97.6

North Horr

             3.8

Embakasi West

          91.2

Starehe

          10.5

Langata

             4.2

Lagdera

          97.6

Lagdera

             3.3

Ruiru

          90.8

Dagoreti North

          10.0

Tigania West

             3.4

Banissa

          97.6

Banissa

             3.0

Kabete

          87.8

Makadara

             9.0

Tetu

             3.0

Balambala

          97.2

Balambala

             2.9

Nakuru Town West

          87.6

Nyali

             7.8

Igembe North

             2.5

Loima

          96.8

Loima

             2.4

Roysambu

          86.3

Kajiado North

             7.7

Kesses

             2.2

Wajir West

          96.6

Wajir West

             2.0

Makadara

          85.7

Kasarani

             7.5

Kipipiri

             2.1

Turkana North

          96.6

Turkana North

             1.9

Median Constituency

Alego Usonga

          29.9

Saku

             0.4

Bura

             0.4

Alego Usonga

          69.2

Alego Usonga

             0.3

Bottom 10 Constituencies

Emurua Dikirr

             3.0

Eldas

             0.0

Matungulu

             0.1

Embakasi East

             5.5

Embakasi East

             0.1

Turkana North

             2.5

Emurua Dikirr

             0.0

Lunga Lunga

             0.1

Ruiru

             5.2

Ruiru

             0.1

Balambala

             2.2

Tarbaj

             0.0

Changamwe

             0.1

Starehe

             4.0

Starehe

             0.1

Banissa

             1.9

Tiaty

             0.0

Wajir West

             0.1

Embakasi North

             3.9

Embakasi North

             0.1

Lagdera

             1.7

Turkana East

             0.0

Kangundo

             0.1

Makadara

             3.8

Makadara

             0.1

North Horr

             1.7

North Horr

             0.0

Yatta

             0.1

Embakasi Central

             3.6

Embakasi Central

             0.1

Eldas

             1.4

Dadaab

             0.0

Embakasi North

             0.1

Embakasi West

             3.6

Embakasi West

             0.1

Loima

             0.8

Kacheliba

             0.0

Fafi

             0.1

Dagoreti South

             3.1

Dagoreti South

             0.1

Lafey

             0.3

Wajir West

             0.0

Wajir East

             0.1

Embakasi South

             2.2

Embakasi South

             0.1

Tarbaj

             0.2

Loima

             0.0

Embakasi Central

             0.1

Dagoreti North

             2.0

Dagoreti North

             0.1

 

Table 6.5 shows the constituencies with greatest variance in the use of different floor materials by gender of household head. Male headed households in Embakasi North (95.4 percent), Embakasi South (95.2 percent) and Dagoreti South (94.7 percent) constituencies have the highest incidence of cemented floors while the lowest incidence is in Loima (1.1%), Lafey (0.3%), and Tarbaj (0.2%). Comparison between the highest and lowest incidence for male and female headed households does not indicate significant differences. However, there are significant differences in the proportion of households with cemented floors between male and female headed households in Kajiado Central (46.2 percent for male headed households and 40.7 percent for female headed households) and Kajiado West (26.0 percent for male headed households and 23.4 percent for female headed households). On the other hand, female headed households in Mandera East (33.0 percent for female headed and 22.3 percent for male headed) and Teso North (34.5 percent for female headed and 27.6 percent for male headed) constituencies have a higher incidence than their male counterparts. However, since male headed households have higher populations than the female headed households in majority of the constituencies, the absolute size of the population living in cemented dwelling units is higher in male headed than in female headed households.

 

Table 6.5: Main material used for floors in households by constituency and gender of household head

Diff = Difference

Cement

Tiles

Wood

Earth

Other

Constituency

Male

Female

Diff

Constituency

Male

Female

Diff

Constituency

Male

Female

Diff

Constituency

Male

Female

Diff

Constituency

Male

Female

Diff

Top 10 Constituencies

Kajiado Central

           46.2

           26.0

20.3

Westlands

           11.9

           10.1

1.8

Igembe Central

             6.0

             4.1

1.9

Mandera East

           75.9

           64.7

11.2

Mwatate

             4.2

             1.8

2.4

Kajiado West

           40.7

           23.4

17.3

Kiambu

             4.5

             3.2

1.2

Westlands

             7.6

             6.1

1.4

Teso North

           71.6

           64.6

7.0

Lamu East

             3.4

             1.8

1.6

Muhoroni

           34.9

           21.1

13.8

Kajiado East

             3.4

             2.4

1.1

Tigania West

             3.8

             2.7

1.1

Kirinyaga Central

           54.6

           48.1

6.5

Samburu East

             1.7

             0.5

1.2

Kisumu East

           57.2

           44.8

12.4

Kajiado West

             1.7

             0.8

0.9

Turkana West

             1.5

             0.9

0.5

Garissa Township

           27.0

           20.8

6.2

Voi

             1.3

             0.4

0.9

Samburu West

           32.2

           20.4

11.8

Mvita

           14.0

           13.4

0.6

Kipkelion East

             1.5

             1.0

0.5

Kibra

           30.3

           24.2

6.1

Laisamis

             1.3

             0.4

0.9

Awendo

           39.7

           28.6

11.0

Moyale

             0.8

             0.2

0.6

Kipkelion West

             1.7

             1.2

0.5

Mwea

           65.3

           59.3

6.0

Nandi Hills

             2.6

             1.9

0.7

Kajiado East

           74.9

           64.4

10.5

Gatanga

             1.2

             0.6

0.5

Baringo South

             1.0

             0.6

0.5

Wajir East

           78.1

           72.3

5.8

Ndaragwa

             3.1

             2.5

0.6

Homa Bay Town

           46.9

           36.7

10.2

Voi

             1.0

             0.5

0.5

Kuresoi North

             2.1

             1.7

0.4

Gichugu

           62.7

           57.1

5.7

Gatanga

             1.1

             0.5

0.6

Kilifi South

           43.8

           34.0

9.8

Laikipia East

             1.2

             0.7

0.5

Keiyo South

             2.0

             1.5

0.4

Mogotio

           77.4

           72.5

4.9

Konoin

             2.1

             1.6

0.5

Isiolo North

           41.8

           32.3

9.4

Turbo

             2.0

             1.5

0.5

Tetu

             3.2

             2.8

0.4

Moyale

           67.6

           63.0

4.6

Naivasha

             0.9

             0.4

0.5

Median Constituency

Chuka/Igambangombe

           38.1

           37.6

0.5

Mumias West

             0.5

             0.5

0.0

Bomet East

             0.5

             0.5

0.0

North Mugirango

           84.8

           85.2

-0.4

Turkana Central

             0.7

             0.6

0.0

Bottom 10 Constituencies

Mvita

           75.1

           79.6

-4.5

Kisauni

             3.2

             4.5

-1.3

Kipipiri

             2.0

             2.3

-0.2

Samburu East

           80.3

           89.7

-9.4

Loima

             0.6

             0.9

-0.4

Moyale

           30.1

           34.8

-4.6

Kasarani

             7.2

             8.6

-1.4

Mandera North

             0.5

             0.7

-0.2

Isiolo North

           56.7

           66.6

-9.9

Gilgil

             1.2

             1.6

-0.4

Mogotio

           21.1

           26.1

-5.1

Makadara

             8.6

           10.4

-1.8

Emurua Dikirr

             0.3

             0.6

-0.3

Homa Bay Town

           51.6

           62.2

-10.6

Garissa Township

             1.8

             2.2

-0.4

Gichugu

           36.1

           41.6

-5.5

Nyali

             7.4

             9.3

-1.9

Laikipia East

             1.0

             1.2

-0.3

Awendo

           59.1

           70.6

-11.5

Endebess

             0.6

             1.1

-0.4

Wajir East

           21.1

           26.8

-5.7

Embakasi South

             2.4

             4.8

-2.4

Mandera East

             0.9

             1.2

-0.3

Kajiado East

           21.2

           32.9

-11.7

Runyenjes

             0.7

             1.2

-0.5

Mwea

           33.7

           39.6

-5.9

Starehe

             9.4

           13.5

-4.1

Lamu East

             0.1

             0.6

-0.5

Samburu West

           67.0

           78.9

-11.9

Turkana West

             0.8

             1.3

-0.5

Garissa Township

           69.2

           75.3

-6.1

Dagoreti North

             9.0

           13.3

-4.3

Dadaab

             0.7

             1.3

-0.6

Kisumu East

           41.1

           53.3

-12.2

Rabai

             1.0

             1.6

-0.6

Kirinyaga Central

           43.9

           50.2

-6.3

Kibra

             4.9

             9.4

-4.5

Turkana East

             1.1

             1.9

-0.9

Muhoroni

           64.0

           77.9

-13.9

Moyale

             1.2

             1.8

-0.6

Teso North

           27.6

           34.5

-6.9

Embakasi East

           16.2

           21.0

-4.9

Kibra

             1.8

             2.9

-1.1

Kajiado West

           56.8

           75.3

-18.5

Jomvu

             6.6

             7.3

-0.7

Mandera East

           22.3

           33.0

-10.6

Langata

           22.6

           32.0

-9.3

Dagoreti North

           11.1

           15.5

-4.3

Kajiado Central

           52.5

           73.0

-20.4

Changamwe

           10.8

           13.0

-2.2

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